In rare cases, when the ligaments do not heal properly, an orthopedic surgeon may evaluate your ankle for possible surgical treatment. Ankle arthritis causes chronic pain in the joint, often due to ...

When persistent or severe arthritis from a chronic ankle injury or fracture makes walking, exercise, or climbing stairs unbearable, it’s time to consider your treatment options. Ankle replacement ...

It’s hard to imagine having to deal with arthritic pain at two years old, but a girl named Sophia knows what it’s like, and ...

Medically reviewed by Oluseun Olufade, MD A sprained ankle occurs when the ankle's ligaments—the tissues that connect the ...

The management of ankle fractures is based on an understanding ... and from the end result, the adequacy of treatment. The terms adduction, supination, and inversion will be used synonymously ...

Correspondence to Dr Janice Kaye Loudon, Department of Physical Therapy Education, Rockhurst University, 10121 Delmar, Overland Park, KS 66207, USA; janice.loudon{at ...